The Sages

(This post is kind of a follow on from my previous post)

The only way to really understand Gemara is to understand the people and places in it. There are several books on the Sages.

In Hebrew you have Shem HaGedolim of the Chida and Seder HaDorot in 3 volumes (vol 1; vol 2; vol 3). There are also Dorot HaRishonim in 7 volumes (vol 1; vol 2; vol 3; vol 4; vol 5; vol 6; vol 7) which was written partly as a refutation of Graetz (also in multiple volumes: vol 1; vol 2; vol 3; vol 4; vol 5; vol 6).

There is also Encyclopedia le-Chochmei HaTalmud by Reuven Margoliot (which is not available online as far as I know)
And Daat has a very good online resource of people from the Talmud.

The most recent (and possibly best) book on the subject is by Benyamin Lau (nephew of the former Chief Rabbi). It is 5 volumes in Hebrew, the first 2 of which have been translated into English: The Sages: The Second Temple Period; Character, Context & Creativity (Sages: Character, Context & Creativty) and The Sages, Vol.II: From Yavne to the Bar Kokhba Revolt. I hope that the rest of the series will also be translated. For those of you who live in Israel, I believe he gives a shiur on the Sages during the summer months somewhere in Katamon.

There used to be a very good book called Who's Who in the Talmud by Shulamis Frieman. Unfortunately when Aaronson publishers went bust the book went out of print. As far as I know it has not been reprinted - which is a real shame. If anyone knows if there are plans to reprint it - perhaps as an e-book please let me know.

There are a few other books of Jewish history, but those are the main ones I can think of off the top of my head. Please feel free to add others in the comments.